Me ka ho?omaika?i o ka maika?i o ke ola i kēia manawa, ua hohonu ka hahi ?ana o nā ?āpana i nā āpau āpau, pili pili loa ia i ko mākou ola. He aha nā koi ?enehana o ka hakahaka metala? ?O ka mea a?e mea lako hahi E ho?opili ka ?oihana i nā kumu nui o ka hahi ?ana i nā palapala pepa, nā punahelu, nā pono a me nā aila hahi, i ho?olauna nui ?ia iā ?oe.

I. Hana i nā mea maka o nā ?āpana hahi

1. Nānā kemikala a me ka ninaninau metallographic

E kālailai i nā ?ike o nā mea kemika i ka mea, e ho?oholo i ka papa a me ka like o ka nui o ka palaoa o nā mea, e loiloi i ka papa o ka semite manuahi, ke ?ano i ho?opa?a ?ia a me ka ho?ohui ?ole metallic i loko o nā mea, a nānā i nā kīnā e like me ka li?ili?i shrinkage a me ka porosity o nā mea.

2. Nānā mea

Ho?opa?a nui ?ia nā ?āpana ?āpana a wili a anuanu paha i ka papa hao a me nā ?āpana, nā ?āpana hahi o nā mea maka e loa?a kahi palapala maika?i, e hō?oia ana i nā mea e like me nā koi ?enehana i hō?ike ?ia. Ke ?a?ohe palapala maika?i a no nā kumu ?ē a?e, hiki i ka ?āpana hahi i nā ?āpana hana ke koho i nā mea maka no ka reinspection e like me ka koi.

3. Ho?okolohua hana hō?ike

E ho?one?e ?ia ka ho?okolohua anuu a me ke ka?ina hana kī?aha ma luna o nā mea e ho?oholo ai i ka helu pa?akiki e hana ana a me ka lāki lāki lākiō o nā mea, a pēlā aku. Eia hou, hiki ke ho?okō ?ia ke ?ano ho?ā?o no ka hana ?ana i ka pepa kila e like me ka nā ho?olako o ka hana ?ana a me ka hana ho?ā?o o ka pepa kila.

4. Hō?ike pa?akikī

Ho?ohana ?ia ka mea hō?ike ?o?ole?a Rockwell no ka ho?ā?o pa?akikī o nā ?āpana hahi metala. Hiki ke ho?ā?o ?ia nā ?āpana hehi li?ili?i me nā ?ano pa?akikī me nā mea ho?okolohua ?ē a?e.

Ii. Nā ?enehana ?enehana o nā ?āpana hahi hao

1, nā hahi hahi i ka ho?olālā ?ana o ke kinona o nā ?āpana, ka ho?ohana ?ana o kahi ma?alahi a kūpono ho?i o ka ?ilikai a me kāna hui ?ana, akā e ho?ā?o nō ho?i e hana i ka helu o ka papa hana a me ka wahi hana li?ili?i.

2, koho i ke ?ano kūpono o ka ho?omākaukau hakahaka i ka hana ?ana i ka mīkini, hiki ke ho?ohana pololei i nā ?ikepili, ho?olei, forging, hahi ?ana a me nā ku?i, a pēlā aku. ?O ke koho o nā ?ano ?enehana hakahaka a kiko?ī e pili ana i ka hana hana, hana pono a me nā hanana hana. .

3, hahi hahi e hana ana i nā koi e pono ai, i mea e kōkua ai i ka hō?ino ?ana i ka deformation a ho?omaika?i i ka maika?i o nā ?āpana, pono i nā mea plasticity maika?i, lākiō li?ili?i flexural, coefficient directivity pālahalaha, coefficient directivity papa, ka ikaika hua o ka mea. a li?ili?i ka lakio o ka modulus elastis. ?A?ole koi ke ka?ina ho?oka?awale i nā mea e loa?a ai kahi plasticity maika?i, akā he palekiko kekahi mea.

4. E kuhikuhi i ka pololei o ka hana ?ana a me ka ?ino o ka papa. E ho?onui ka uku o nā ?āpana hahi me ka ho?omaika?i o ke kiko?ī, keu ho?i i ka hihia o ke kiko ki?eki?e, he mea nui loa kēia ho?onui. No laila, ?a?ole e alualu ?ia ke ki?eki?e ki?eki?e inā ?a?ohe lawa kumu. Pēlā nō ho?i ka ?ili o ka ?ilikai o nā ?āpana hahi e like me ka pono o ka ?ili e hana i nā lako kūpono.

?Ekolu, ke koho koho o ka aila hahi keleawe

1, pā kila kila silikone: ma?alahi ka pā silika i ka hakahna ?ana i nā mea, i mea e ho?oma?ema?e ma?amau i ka huahana i ho?opau ?ia o ka hana, i mea e pale aku ai i ka burr i hana ?ia e ka hakahaka ma lalo o ke kumu o ka ho?ohana ?ana o ka aila hulu li?ili?i viscosity.

2, pā kila kalapona: ho?ohana nui ?ia ka pā kila kalapona no kekahi pono mīkini, e like me ka hana o ka papa pale pale ?a?ole ki?eki?e ha?aha?a ka hana ?ana, no laila i ke koho ?ana o ka ?aila haki e ho?olohe mua i ka viscosity o ka aila kahaki?i.

3, pā kila kila: ?o ka papa kila kila ka papa o ka ho?ohehe?e ?ana o ka wela a i ?ole ka pā o ka pā kila hao, no ka mea a e ho?opili ?ia nā mea ho?ohui chlorine, no laila i ke koho ?ana o ka aila hahi e ho?olohe i ka hahi ?aila chlorine e kū mai. pilikia ?ino ke?oke?o.

4. Pālahalaha keleawe a me aluminika: Ma muli o ke ductility maika?i o ke keleawe a me ke alumini, hiki iā mākou ke koho i ka aila hahi me ka mea ?aila a me nā waiwai he?e maika?i e hō?alo ai i ka ho?ohana ?ana o ka aila haki i loa?a i ka chlorine, a i ?ole ka ?aila ?aila hahi e ho?oli?ili?i ka ?ili .

5, kila kila: ma?alahi ka kila kila e hana i nā mea pa?akikī, koi i ka ho?ohana ?ana o ka ikaika o ka ?aila ki?i?oni?oni, aila sinile kū?ē sinter maika?i. burr, haki a me nā pilikia ?ē a?e.

Hahi hahi ho?olauna ?ia nā ka?ina hana a me nā ?enehana i ke kiko?ī ma luna o nā helu ?ekolu i luna. ?oi aku ka pa?akikī o ka ?enehana ho?opa?a ?ana i nā ?āpana metala, i mea e hō?oia ai i ka hana o nā ?āpana metala hiki ke ho?okō i nā pono ho?ohana, pono mākou e hāhai i nā ka?ina hana e like ai, i hō?oia i ka hiki o ka hana ?ana hahi ho?ohehe?e keleawe, e ?olu?olu e leka uila iā mākou ~