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???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???, ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??. ????????????? ??????? ???? - ???? ?????? ???, ????, ???? - ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??. ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??: ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??, ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??.

?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????:

????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ???????? ???: ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? 3 ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? 4. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????.

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????:

???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??, ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????.

????????? ??????? PH ???:?

??????? ????? ????????? pH ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??. ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? pH ??? 8.5 ? ??? ??? ?? ?????.

????? ??????? ens ?????:

??????? ????? ????????? ??? ity ????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? pH ?????? ?????

?? ???? thickness ???:

?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ??????) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ?? thickness ??? ?????? ??. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ??.

??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???? - ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????!