????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??. ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??.

I. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????

1. ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????

???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????????.

2. ???????? ??????? ?????

?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???, ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????.

3. ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????

???????? ??? ??? ening ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????.

4. ?? ness ??? ??????? ?????

??? ?????? ??????? ?? ness ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ness ??? ???????? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.

???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????

1, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???, ??????? ???? of ? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

2, ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. .

3, ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????????, ???? thickness ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??. ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??.

4. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??, ????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??. ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.

???, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????

1, ??????? ???? ?????: ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????.

2, ????? ???? ?????: ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????????.

3, ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????: ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????.

4. ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????: ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ductility ??? ??????, ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. .

5, ?? ??????? ????: ?? ??????? ???? ??? hard ? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??. ??????-???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?. burr, rupure ?? ????? ?????.

??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ~